Table 1 Infant characteristics according to human milk intake in first 4 weeks of life
From: Dose-dependent effect of human milk on Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants
| Characteristic | Daily volume of human milk, ml/kg body weight | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–24 | 25–49 | ≥50 | sum | Statistical value | P-value | |
| Number of subjects, n (%) | 279 (28.9) | 128 (13.3) | 139 (14.4) | 418 (43.4) | 964 | ||
| Gender (male), n (%) | 139 (49.8) | 72 (56.3) | 73 (52.5) | 214 (51.2) | 498 (51.7) | χ2 = 1.535 | 0.674 |
| Birth weight (grams), mean ± SD | 1215 ± 179 | 1184 ± 186 | 1228 ± 165 | 1219 ± 186 | 1215 ± 181 | F = 1.594 | 0.189 |
| 1250–1499, n (%) | 144 (51.6) | 62 (48.4) | 67 (48.2) | 215 (51.4) | 488 (50.6) | ||
| 1000–1249, n (%) | 95 (34.1) | 43 (33.6) | 58 (41.7) | 153 (36.6) | 349 (36.2) | ||
| 750–999, n (%) | 39 (14) | 21 (16.4) | 14 (10.1) | 41 (9.8) | 115 (11.9) | ||
| < 750, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 9 (2.2) | 12 (1.2) | ||
| Gestational age (weeks), mean ± SD | 30.1 ± 1.8 | 29.6 ± 2.0 | 29.7 ± 1.8 | 29.5 ± 1.9 | 29.7 ± 1.9 | F = 6.466 | 0.000 |
| 32–34, n (%) | 50 (17.9) | 21 (16.4) | 18 (12.9) | 50 (12.0) | 139 (14.4) | ||
| 30–31, n (%) | 104 (37.3) | 28 (21.9) | 40 (28.8) | 106 (25.4) | 278 (28.8) | ||
| 28–29, n (%) | 96 (34.4) | 54 (42.2) | 63 (45.3) | 190 (45.5) | 403 (41.8) | ||
| <28, n (%) | 29 (10.4) | 25 (19.5) | 18 (12.9) | 72 (17.2) | 144 (14.9) | ||
| Cesarean section, n (%) | 175 (62.7) | 63 (49.2) | 70 (50.4) | 219 (52.4) | 525 (54.7) | χ2 = 10.820 | 0.013 |
| Multiple births, n (%) | 55 (19.7) | 31 (24.2) | 45 (32.4) | 106 (25.5) | 237 (24.6) | χ2 = 13.196 | 0.040 |
| 5’Apgar score ≤ 7, n (%) | 97 (34.8) | 38 (29.7) | 28 (20.1) | 65 (15.6) | 228 (23.7) | χ2 = 37.812 | 0.000 |
| Small for GA, n (%) | 24 (8.6) | 7 (5.5) | 16 (11.5) | 19 (4.5) | 66 (6.8) | χ2 = 9.941 | 0.019 |
| Neonatal critical score, mean ± SD | 96 ± 7 | 96 ± 6 | 97 ± 6 | 97 ± 7 | 96 ± 7 | F = 1.095 | 0.350 |
| SNAPPE-II, median (P25, P75) | 18 (5, 35) | 15 (7, 31) | 12 (5, 21) | 9 (0, 21) | 13 (5, 26) | Z = 40.598 | 0.000 |
| MV, n (%) | 90 (32.3) | 55 (43.0) | 53 (38.1) | 172 (41.1) | 370 (38.4) | χ2 = 6.919 | 0.075 |
| Time on MV ≥7 days, n (%) | 36 (12.9) | 16 (12.5) | 14 (10.1) | 35 (8.4) | 101 (10.5) | χ2 = 4.306 | 0.230 |
| Time on TEN (days), median (P25, P75) | 28 (21, 39) | 30 (22, 41) | 24 (16, 30) | 19 (13, 26) | 23 (16, 32) | Z = 149.286 | 0.000 |
| Length of stay (days), median (P25, P75) | 45 (37, 57) | 47 (36, 58) | 45 (37, 56) | 43 (35, 53) | 44 (36, 56) | Z = 6.246 | 0.100 |